The true total tree volume (either inside or outside bark) is calculated by the program as a sum of volumes of all tree sections measured. For example, if the first diameter measurement on a stem is at 1.5 ft from the ground, the total tree volume is defined as the total volume of the stem above 1.5 ft. True volumes of all individual sections, except the top one, are calculated using Smalian's formula. Volume of the top section is calculated using formula for volume of a cone. The respective predicted volume for the stem above 1.5 ft is calculated using the calibrated model.

What is "broomage"?

Broomage is an excess of wood added to the length of the timber product: a log or a pole. It may be treated as a size of a kerf with possible enlargement to account for unexpected deformities of a stem.

What is "K", "s" an "z" in the taper formula?

K is a tree-specific scaling constant, it also constrains the stem profile to provide consistent predictions at Dbh level ; s is a variable accounting for a tree slimness; and z is a relative height on the tree stem.